lrwilson's blog

PC: Passionately Candid

If I had only two words—one phrase—to describe Mr. Barnes talk (both of them) I would use the following: passionately candid.  He spoke in a straightforward manner about his experiences working in the “critical needs” areas in the Delta.  I took away a few key comments that all future teachers should know, especially those individuals who plan to teach children from poverty-stricken environments.

1.  YOU set the stage from day 1.

One of the most (if not the most important preparation) for a successful school year is classroom management.  Mr. Barnes instructed the first years, “If you do not gain control over your class within the first two days of school” then you’re in trouble. “The students will test you.”  You have heard the saying, “If you give them an inch they’ll take a yard.” The discipline, teaching and learning begins with YOU, “the teacher,” he repeatedly stated for emphasis as the teachers sat listening like perfectly behaved students.

2.  Do not assume or stereotype your students. But ask, “Why?”

A few weeks ago I had a candid conversation about a post a Corps Teacher from the class of 2007 posted. You can find his post here. I also responded to his post here. To make a long story short Mr. Barnes said that he could not understand why some students would fall asleep in school, put their head down, act out, or behave in a manner inappropriate for school until he learned of the devastating affects and effects that poverty has on children.[1]  Do not assume that the student is lazy, apathetic, or dumb, or ignorant. Ask the student, “Why are you …” Children who live in poverty lack culture, discipline, formal language, socialization, and other skills the middle and wealthy classes take for granted. You, MTC teachers, bring culture to the Delta. Please do not penalize a student by subjugating him/her to assumptions or stereotypes that you may have about Blacks  (they are lazy, rude, scary) because, as Mr. Barnes said, students who live in poverty, Black, White, Indian, Asian and others, behave in an uncultured manner; it is poverty, not race, that facilities lack of knowledge about middle class norms.  Rather than blame the student for what s/he does not know teach the student the appropriate way.

3.  Become a part of the community.

Coach a sport, an after school program, shop at their grocery store, visit their church, go to school games, what ever it is that you do, “Get involved” in the community: That is where you will see with your own eyes the real lives of these students.

4. Never break the trust that you have earned.

You could break the trust that it took a year or so to build in one act. These “critical needs” students are survivors. That is their mentality Mr. Barnes said: they’ve got to survive on the bus coming to school; they’ve survive going home; many times they’ve got to survive in the home. Imagine how devastating would it be to survive a bond broken by someone he or she opened himself or herself up to? Imagine how long it would take before another “other” could be trusted again? Or, would be trusted again?

5. You have to love your students. 

Not the paternalistic “love” that American slave owners claimed they possessed for their human property, nor the “love” that White Mississippians claimed to have for the Black Mississippians whom they separated via de sure and de facto segregation. But, teachers must display an empathic love. A love that shows, yes I am the teacher but I respect you, the student, I understand that you have to work to help pay the bills because your mother is sick, I understand that have to baby sit your sister and brother as if you were the parent, I understand that you have to say awake because your mother’s boyfriend (who is the same age as your mother and both of them are twelve years older than you) tries to sleep with you, I understand that you have no food to eat because your mother sells the welfare card to the drug dealer, I understand. You, as the teacher must love, and show tough love when necessary, so that they will believe you, the teacher, when you say, “The cycle of poverty and hopelessness can and will stop with you but you have got to work and work hard and persevere. You have got to be resilient.”

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[1] Please see Dr. Ruby Payne’s A Framework for Understanding Poverty for more information about the culture of poverty. Since the Delta dynamics include generational poverty that results from slavery I recommend Dr. Joy Leary's Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing.

Understand why it is rather than looking at what is...

Ben assigned a post topic: to post about any topic. This post is a response to smeargle777's page found here. He wrote about sterotyping. My response begins:

It takes a lot of courage to admit to others that you began stereotyping the young African Americans. The youth are different from you, as your mother said because of cultural experiences. For the most part they lack support systems, the system that you had. The African America youth that you teach, the same youth who live at or below the poverty level, exemplify who Dr. Ruby Payne identifies as children in the cycle of generational poverty. Her book A Framework for Understanding Poverty is a good resource for you. If you have already read it it may be worth a re-reading.

Just a thought: Have you every thought that your students can sense how you were beginning to feel about them and how you feel about them? Perhaps they want to see if you are "different" than the other teachers who think, "I will teach in poor African American students." Have you ever thought that this mindset elicits feelings distrust by the students for you because you resemble other teacher. Also, the students know how society views them. Racism and discrimination, though many do not like to talk about it because it is uncomfortable, is real for them. Have you ever thought that the students are skeptical of you because of your skin color?

If you are genuine about helping your students then you must earn their trust and respect. You mentioned that your African American students are "instantly defensive, disrespectful and hypocritical in the way they act and [your] reaction to them (especially in contrast to [B]lack teachers contrast that they have)..." I think that your observation her is noteworthy because it reveals the dynamic of your relationship with the students compared to the relationship of African American teachers with the students. Have you thought that perhaps their skepticism and disrespect of you stems from their memory of relationships between African Americans and non-African Americans? The African American experience is America is unique to African Americans, no other group has experienced chattel slavery, survived dehumanization yet your skin color signifies your ancestors' experiences. W.E.B. Du Bois mentions this "twoness," living within "the viel," and "double consciousness" in his The Souls of Black Folk. He writes that the "problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color-line." In some areas of the country a blurring of the color-line exists but, as you know, in Mississippi the color-line is overtly pronounced.

We must admit to the realities African Americans face. Yes, it is uncomfortable to discuss race in America. But until we are willing to have an honest dialogue about differing racial experiences and how America's past has shaped her present progress will be slow, if not standstill.

"A Million Williams*"

At the end of Mrs. Barksdale's talk she said, "There are a million Williams* out there."  Mrs. Barksdale has tutored William since 5th grade, and though she does not believe that William needs her assistance academically she remains as steadfast figure in his life.  Children in similar straights as William today become adults the adults of tomorrow. Children who were in similar straights as William yesterday are the adults of today. William's life experiences, growing in an unhealthy environment, aside from his interaction with Mrs. Barksdale, affects and effects not just William but society. William suffers from child abuse. I am not speaking of abuse in a physical sense but child neglect. In an interview that I conducted with Dr. Leigh yesterday she said that child neglect is a form of child abuse. I though, "Ummm, that makes sense." But the more I thought about child abuse as child neglect and vice versa I decided to look up both words. 

abuse: verb: 1. use (something) to bad effect or for a bas purpose; misuse 2. treat (a person or an animal) with cruelty or violence, esp. regularly or repeatedly... b. use or treat in such a way as to cause damage or harm...c. speak in an insulting and offensive way to or about (someone)

abuse: noun: 1. the improper use of something

neglect: verb: 1. fail to care for properly...a. not pay proper attention to; disregard 

neglect: noun: 1. the state or fact of being uncared for...a. the action of not taking proper care of someone or something.

I could write a dissertation about how, perhaps, we could understand neglect as a form of child abuse but for times sake I will not. My emphasis: William's mother and absentee father abuses him through their neglect of him. This is not to say that they do not love William. This is not to say that they do not want the best for William. And this is not to say that they intentionally neglect William. But, for whatever reason, they are emotionally, physically, psychologically and financially unable to supply William's needs. And so, I thank my Lord God for altruistic people such as Mrs. Barksdale.

I had a conversation with a MTCer about a previous post that he wrote. Essentially, he said that he was beginning to "stereotype" his African American students as "loud, lazy, [and] instantly defensive..." Let me provide context. The teacher comes from a middle class environment and is not personally familiar with the culture of poverty. We had a long discussion but I will include parts of our conversation pertinent to this post. (I commended him for his honesty. Without honestly and fear of feeling awkward because of people's perceptions mis-understanding will persist.)

Mrs. Barksdale did say that William was quiet, unlike his sisters, who are loud and loquacious. In some ways William is an anomaly. Children reared in poverty, generally speaking, mirror their environment. (Ruby Payne's A Framework to Understanding Poverty nicely explains the culture of poverty.)  There is constant movement, noise but almost always lack. The lack of stability, the lack of healthy relationships, and the lack of discipline among other absences. This lack results the neglect that children living in poverty experience. Poverty only discriminates along class not race. I make this point because I hear MTCers say their students, who are predominately African American, are "lazy and apathetic." Herein lies the false perception: stereotyping and generalizing all African American students as such. People in poverty stricken environments produce people who are apathetic, lazy and loud. The demographic is largely African American because of the geography, the Delta. As we know the dense pockets of the African American population correlates to the massive slave plantations in those areas. Dr. Mullens mentioned that if the students were White (I would add Latino, Asian, or any other ethnic group) and lived in poverty, their behavior and attitudes would mirror that of poor African American Delta Mississippians. However, I think that the dynamics of being poor and African American complicates the culture of poverty for Blacks. Dr. Joy DeGruy Leary writes about this in her book Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing. 

There are "A Million Williams" suffocating from poverty, attempting to grapple with it but desire to do better eludes those who lack the means or wherewithal.  William has a chance to break the cycle of poverty because Mrs. Barksdale exposed him to a life outside not insulated by poverty. In addition to exposure to the middle and wealthy classes so that they know a life other than poverty, poor children need a lot of love, patience, stability, and guidance. They need more than exposure to healthy environments, they need constant exposure. Dr. Leigh said that child abuse /child neglect restructures the brain children who live in poverty, which makes it difficult for them be disciplined. Teachers attempting to instruct students in the "critical needs areas" of the Delta must do more than teach. They must understand and empathize (I am not suggesting to sympathize because there is a difference) with the population they desire to serve. We must understand the source of the present state and work collectively to not judge what is but eliminate poverty-"is"-m.  

Mrs. Barksdale said after William graduates she will begin tutoring another "William." I am grateful for William that Mrs. Barksdale genuinely wants him to succeed in life. Perhaps, Mrs. Barksdale will tutor a "Wilomena." Whomever she chooses, she may be the only positive constant in the child's life. I think that we will have a better society when more of those who have help those who have not because our destinies are connected. Thank you to all of the Mrs. Barksdale's out there. We need millions more. Will you be one?  

 

*student's name changed

"At what point do you stop being descendants of slaves?"

An award-winning reporter asked me the above question after she communicated with the interns about the field of journalism. She touched on topics including the role of the media as it relates to informing audiences, creating an environment in which social change occurs and the importance of citizens reaching out and speaking to the media. I am not sure if my post will be politically correct but I know that it is my truth after thinking, theorizing and reflecting on our dialogue. (By “our” I mean as a group and my one on one conversation with her after she spoke with, and perhaps sometimes to us.) 

The simple answer to this above question is not ever. Now keep in mind that we are speaking within the context of the Mississippi Delta, a place where Cotton was King.[1]  Capitalists raked in enormous profits because they had free labor, slave labor—Africans whose descendents we identify as African American.

I listened to her news story about public education, the problems poor students face, and the flicker of hope that the MTC provides to this population in the Mississippi Delta. 

After listening to this reporter’s award-winning news story and communicating with her about her profession I began thinking: why was this story selected to receive the award. Was it the story, how she packaged the story or a combination of both.  By “the story” I mean the geography, the characters, the narration of events, and the events themselves? Or, was it the politics surrounding the story.  For example, was it politically correct to award such a story about minorities in the Delta who are both visible but invisible? On the surface some may think that that I am overanalyzing, perhaps even criticizing the journalist, the news outlet or both.  And perhaps they are correct but regardless of what anyone thinks journalists, intellectuals, and conscious citizens must be critical of themselves and one another.  This is one reason why in journalism there is a Code of Ethics,[2] and why responsible citizens understand the essentialness of integrity.

During her talk, the journalist asked us about our opinion of a James Madison quote:  “To the [free] press alone… the world is indebted for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression.”[3] She also mentions something about the free press. Then turning to me she asked, “What do you think of [Madison’s] quote?” I said, “First, the press is not free,” I responded and then I continued, “The press is not wholeheartedly responsible for the social progress” because social progress is a combination of grassroots movements, leadership and the press. Since this journalist reports within these community I though it appropriate to support my thoughts with information from the Radio Television News Directors Association.

Radio Television News Directors Association, a professional organization for journalist nicely sums up the purpose of not only but community journalism: “Community Journalism is grounded in the concept that news organizations have a responsibility not just to report on local issues but, through their coverage, to actively facilitate their debate and resolution. Local news media can cover issues of local importance in ways that encourage active dialogue on the issues…This is journalism at the highest level: finding and raising issues of great interest to local viewers and listeners; developing stories and other creative coverage; and providing information and a catalyst for debate.”[4]

The journalists responsibly is to inform and educate, not assume that information such as the area in the Delta where there are large African American communities were formally plantations. And in some places of the Delta, such as Washington County each white family owned about 81 slaves at the start of the Civil War.[5]  And we know that laws prohibited blacks from book learning, as some called it, because education threatened the status quo. This is the fact that some imagined African Americans inferior to Whites. Some argue that the year century from Emancipation until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was worse than slavery for African Americans.[6] Jim Crow, Black Codes, and the convict leasing system almost cemented African Americans to worse than second-class citizens. More literally, African Americans were not citizens, but three-fifths of a person.  

Now, let me fast forward to my point. We know that the education level of a mother almost guarantees the educational level of the child. I have been here a little over a week and learned that generation after generation after generation of African American women, the descents of slaves, have been victimized by illiteracy. And the state was a major player ensuring that African Americans remain illiterate.  Knowing this should we then have to wonder why poverty flourishes within the Delta? Some may know these facts but not all and for those within the audience not making these connections, I think that the journalist must explicated state what’s at stake for the people who live in this community, which mean provide facts about slavery, stats about poverty the correlation with incarceration, teen pregnancy, and what all this mean for our county. Tell the audience why they should care. Tell them the implications for them. This, I think, will open the eyes and ears of the public and make them pay attention. At the very least it should persuade them to empathize with, not demonize, this population.

This population of impoverished Americans in the Delta face social, economic, psychological and social issues that are hard to wrap you head around unless you truly understand the culture of poverty. Paul E. Peterson and William G. Howell, the authors of The Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools, quote Nicholas Lemann on this phenomenon.  Lemann, dean and Henry R. Luce Professor at The Journalism School of Columbia University, echoes my claim: “a major impediment to achievement of poor children is ‘their parents’ impoverishment, poor education, lax disciple and scant interest in education’ it is absurd to think that the same parents will become ‘tough, savvy, demanding education consumer’ once they have the right to choose.”  Lemann discusses a poor parents ability to choose the ‘right’ school for their child if the government provides them with a voucher but the same logic applies. If the parent has the savvy to choose the right school then this same parent should demand and ensure that their child receives a quality education at the public school the child attends.

Journalists have power to shape and inform public perception and interest. The award-winning journalist’s story was noteworthy she spoke about what is rather than speaking about why it is. Furthermore, I would like to hear more journalists not only speaking about what and why a situation is but what that means for me and the world around me. 

So the answer to my question: one should never be forced to separate him/herself from their lineage. For some generational ties stretch to the 1700s before the uniting of the states.  MTC has two interns, one has roots in Germany and the other has roots in Italy.  The intern from Germany said that a town in Philadelphia is named after her ancestors and within a thirty-mile radius families—men, women and children—possess her last name.  The other intern said that she went to Ellis Island in New York and can see where her ancestors signed their names in the 1730s.  For the African Americans living in the Delta their roots begin in Africa and pass through the Middle Passage. Once they landed on American soil African slaves were bought and sold at the pleasure of slave owners. In 1860 Mississippi had 436,631 slaves and the majority worked the fertile Delta land.[7] People we represent many things. There is not one identifying factor that captures the whole person. Let me be clear, I am not saying that all African Americans living in the poverty stricken areas of the Mississippi Delta are descendants of slaves but data suggests a majority of the African Americans in the Delta are descendants of slaves.

For the journalist to ask me "At what point do you stop being descendants of slaves?" suggests that she lacks an understanding about this population, which causes her to simply report the news, as is. I doubt that she would ask either of the two interns at what point will you disassociate from you German or Italian heritage.  Generally speaking, I think that when it comes to talking about slavery and African Americans and the State of Black America there is a double standard.  Do you think that the journalist would ask: At what point do you stop being German or Italian? At what point do you stop identifying with your ancestry. Do you think that is an odd question to ask someone? If so, should we use the same logic and not ask African American's in the Delta this question? (For emphasis:  many of whom face generational poverty because of slavery, Black Codes and Jim Crow that the State   legitimated through legislation. Only proper education will break the cycle of poverty and the alleged "apathy.")  

I will end with three quotes that I find applicable to journalism, education and poverty. 

Warren Buffet: "The smarter the journalists are, the better off society is. [For] to a degree, people read the press to inform themselves-and the better the teacher, the better the student body."

Bill Moyers: “There is no more important struggle for American democracy than ensuring a diverse, independent and free media. Free Press is at the heart of that struggle.”

Latisha Wilson: “Many journalists move the dirt around—they professionalize in knowing a little bit about a lot of topics but don’t take the time to dig below the surface.  Only when journalists examine the root will they understand the tree.”

Godspeed.

[1] For more information about the economy of cotton read. David Christy. Cotton is King

[2] For more on journalism ethics please see http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp

[3] The journalist used the term free before the word press and within the context of press.  

[4]Community Journalism Project. Radio Television News Directors Association. http://www.rtnda.org/pages/media_items/community-journalism-project284.php?id=284

[5]Michael Johnston. In the Deep Heart’s Core. Grove Press: New York, 2002, p. 146.

[6] For more information on this topic see David M. Oshinsky. Worse than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. Free Press: New York, 1996.

[7]Historical Census Browser. University of Virginia Library. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/state.php

Suggested Reading:

Joy DeGury Leary. Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing.

Ruby K. Payne. A Framework for Understanding Poverty.

Randall Robinson. The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks.

Phenomenal Woman

(Thank you Ben for sending me the link to this article.)

Mrs. Obama's Journey...

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/06/18/us/politics/0618-MICHELLE_index.html

Godspeed.

"The Unseen Movement"

(Thank you Ben for sending me the link to this article.)

Images of a movement that changed and continues to progressively change America. We are living in the wave of another historic movement.

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/06/20/us/20080620CIVIL_index.html

Godspeed

my final project

My final project:

I’m looking at the importance of universal/compulsory quality pre-K for the Mississippi. Research shows that birth to three years are the most critical to a child’s development. These are the years for cognitive development and establishes the foundation on which the child’s learning will occur.  A child who attends a quality pre-k (emphasis on quality) will be prepared to enter kindergarten.  Think of it as this, pre-k conditions children for kindergarten just as training conditions athletes for competition. It is essential that children practice learning how to learn just as it important that athletes practice before a competition.  Children who live in poverty receive the greatest benefit from this early childhood development. I like to think of it as early childhood training.  As I mentioned in several other post, teachers, parents, elders, leaders, must train children in the way that they should grow and when they grow old they will not depart from it (Proverbs 22:6). If they do depart they would have had proper training so if they children are caught in a cycle of unhealthy and unproductive living at we could take comfort in the fact that we did our best for the children.  I like to think of it as: one classroom at a time.

Children born into poverty are born into a disadvantaged cultural, social, academic, economic environment.  They are victims of circumstance and by association. Why should we punish infants and toddlers because their parents are under-educated, un-educated and/or mis-educated? Poverty knows only class, not race and although some non-minority Mississippians imagine pre-k a benefit to poor African American children, all of Mississippi’s impoverished will benefit.  It is inevitable for race to enter the conversation when discussing who will benefit from universal quality pre-K.  And when the discussion turns to race it is essential that we address the history of slavery, race-ism and discrimination committed by individuals but legitimated and enforced by the state.  The same group of people that some imagine benefiting more is the same group the states outlawed from learning to read and write.  At the minimum, the state must make and honest attempt to close the racial and economic education gap.  Quality pre-k would provide a step in this direction.          

Godspeed

are u really the teacher?

Ben assigned a post[1] topic to the interns: write about someone or something that you disagree with. I think that the wording of the assignment could be more positive: write about something in which someone said or did that you take a different position or a different approach. Perhaps this is just semantics but I think that it is more positively constructed.  I am addressing this before writing because the tone of post has been on my mind. The reader senses when the writer is venting, complaining, informing, and/or narrating their experience.  A really good reader also senses the authenticity of posts.  I think that it is important to tell your truth, your story, and I also think that the author, through writing, reveals their authentic self. That said, I know there are exceptions to the erstwhile claims that my thoughts on this are just that, thoughts; I am reflecting on one aspect of my multifaceted MTC experience. Now on to how I would approach a situation.

First, let me provide the context. Today, I attended Holly Spring High School and observed first year Corps teachers with summer school students.  I witness not once but twice two different teachers parrot students. The student complained about something that the teacher said. Both students used slang. In a framework for UNDERSTANDING POVERTY Dr. Ruby K. Payne, Ph.D refers to this as casual language. The teachers mocked the students as if they were peers.  Based on the students’ verbal and body language, they felt demeaned. “Stop makin’ fun a me,” one student said. The teacher echoed,” Stop makin’ fun a me.”  The student frowned, looked down, swayed his head left to write, and paced a few steps.  I attempted to redirect the dialogue in both instances, as it would have been inappropriate for me question the teachers in the students’ presence.  In my humble opinion the teachers’ responded inappropriately.

We must remember the dynamic of the teacher/student relationship.  The teacher’s role is to teach, instruct, and train students.  Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines the following:

teacher—one that teachers; especially: one whose occupation is to instruct

teaches—1a: to cause to know something…b: to cause to know how…; 2: to guide the studies of; 3: to impart the knowledge of; 4a: to instruct by precept, example, or experience…

Initially, I was surprised and then I felt disappointment.  Thinking about the interaction I remember Proverbs 22:6: Train up a child in the way he should go, Even when he is old he will not depart from it.  This scripture regularly comes to mind since my arrival in Mississippi, and especially after listening to talks from Dr. Mullens, Mr. Barksdale, Dr. Monroe, Dr. McConnell and Mr. Guest.  Dr. Payne and Michael Johnston’s In the Deep Heart’s Core also triggers my memory of this scripture. I will not outline every detail about what I think would have been an appropriate response but I will explain my thinking.

If teachers in the program genuinely desire to make a positive difference, positively impact the lives of their students teachers must understand the lives of their students and have empathy, which is “the ability to understand and share the feelings [and experiences] of another.”[2]  The majority of the students are reared, not properly trained, in a manner socially acceptable to middle and upper class America.  MTC identifies the areas in which the students live as “critical needs” because they live at or below the poverty level. Additionally, these students are victims of generational poverty.  I highly recommend Dr. Payne’s book, a framework for UNDERSTANDING POVERTY, to the individual who earnestly desires to align him/herself with MTC objectives:

1) To provide dedicated, talented teachers for Mississippi school districts where an inadequate supply of teachers exists.



2) To afford a structured entry into the teaching profession for outstanding liberal arts graduates who have never taught before.



3) To identify and nurture educational leaders in the 21st century.

(sidebar: I think that we should re-think the objectives and clearly outline goals.)

Godspeed. 

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[1] I prefer the word “post” to blog because I think post is aesthetically more pleasing. 

[2] Definition extracted from Oxford American Dictionary online.

Roundtable with Dr. Mullens

About sixty years ago, a black girl would not have not been able to sit at an oval table with listening and talking with a white man. but this is possible in 2008.  MTC interns of meet with Dr. Andy Mullins in the Lyceum. "Mississippi is a fascinating state," he said shortly after sitting at the head of the oval table.  I thought, "Everyone says that about their state." But, I remember thinking, not very long into his briefing about Mississippi history, that Dr. Mullins is right about his state. Mississippi, as a state in the deep south, has made great progress but it has also had the "farthest to go," according to Dr. Mullins.  In my notes I wrote "deepest darkest hole." Dr. Mullins used this phrase within the context of race relations in Mississippi. I wrote this phrase in my notes and included it in this blog because it is an interesting way to describe a state's past state of race relations.

That said, Dr. Mullins talked seemed thoughtful. He spoke in a low tone with a quite strength. He spoke like a man very familiar with the history of race and education in Mississippi.  Listening to Dr. Mullins talk about his experiences in the deep south I wondered why some whites care about African Americans receiving a quality and others do not? It seems that some of the same people who are poor, and happen to be white, do not understand that their children, who are white and happen to be poor, would benefit from improving education for black children because it would improve education for their children.  It makes perfect sense (to me) for the people who are poor, black and white, to coalesce.    

Dr. Mullins explained that his experience at Millsap's was the tipping point that changed his way of thinking about the interaction between black and white Mississippians.   Reared in a segregated Mississippi, where strict geographic lines divided communities, Dr. Mullins shared two stories of his childhood with us. 

When Dr. Mullins was in junior high school he asked his dad, "Why aren't the roads paved [in the black neighborhood]?" His dad replied, "Because they don't pay taxes." Dr. Mullins accepted his father's answer. Later, while he was still a teenager, Dr. Mullins, said that he came home one day and told his dad that his friend, who was black, said, "Yes sir." "It was the darnest thing," Dr. Mullins remembered thinking to which his father responded, "That's just the way it is." Remembering his upbringing, Dr. Mullins said that for the first time in his life, in 1966, he saw a black man eating at a restaurant, which fascinated him. "Liberal Arts thinking," said Dr. Mullins, "changed and challenged his opinions" about race and educational access. 

Dr. Mullins came of age during an interesting time in American history. this generation is coming of age during an interesting time in American history. Change occurs during interesting times in American history. I think that possibly, during this generation, we will do what Dr. Mullins observes: move Mississippi closer towards racial reconciliation.  

Brown v Board: Did it open the door to do more?

Professor Winkle's talk on Brown v Board approached the topic from an angle that I have not yet heard: He narrated Brown v. Board from both the personal and professional perspective of the Supreme Court Justices. The justices, though clothed with the authority to determine destiny are not immune to allowing personal prejudices and beliefs to influences their rulings. 

As we all know it took almost two decades for Mississippi to desegregate, and I should add that Mississippi desegregated but has not yet fully integrated. Private academies for white children exist in many areas of Mississippi.  I picture a scene similar to that of Ruby Bridges when the wheels of integration resume motion, particularly in the Delta.     

Listening to Professor Winkle speak about Brown v. Board also make me think about the role of a class action law suit to bring about equality of education to the poor. As we learned from almost all of the speakers, poor children are not only born without a spoon (forget about silver) but poor children are born without the spoon. Stated less abstractly, a quality education is the tool that almost guarantees access to the American Dream. At the very least someone with an education is aware of life outside of illiteracy.  Poor children in Mississippi (and other parts of the United States) 14^th amendment rights are, I think, violated because no “state [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty” or the pursuit of happiness. Lack of quality education prevents children from realizing their fullest potential and their constitutional rights. Although education is not mentioned in the constitution we can extrapolate from the language that quality education is a constitutional right. Shouldn’t we have informed citizens that can fully participate in democracy? Or do you think that our government desires an under-educated, mis-educated and non-educated populace? Do you think that conscious citizens will stand for tax breaks to the wealthiest members of society and/or big business? Will we have an administration that circumvents the law and elected officials acting on behalf of lobbyist (among other egregious acts in which integrity and ethic does not exist within the vocabulary of officials)?

Dr. Winkle’s talk sparked in my mind new strategies for fighting the war on poverty. And in case you were wondering whose side I’m on: I empathize with the poor. 

I will close with a passage from Matthew 25:34-40 which speaks to why I must help those in need:

34  Then shall the King say unto them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: 35 For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: 36 Naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me: I was in prison, and ye came unto me. 37 Then shall the righteous answer him, saying, Lord, when saw we thee an hungered, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink? 38 When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee? 39 Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee? 40 And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.

Godspeed.